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Sometimes the mallet trick isn't enough. They make an air tool for fan removal that is super slick, might be able to rent one from a local parts store.
OK, cool. I have removed stuck fan nuts using a pair of vicegrips onthe water pump pulley. If that doesn't do it you can change pump, fan, clutch, and waterpump all at once but it is not easy. I always put neverseize on the fan threads but not all mechanics before me are so kind. Frankly a large number of them need to have their asses kicked.
Re the bolt. On ACE cars that also holds the ACE pump and the cover. But it looks like you have a spacer on there, which I guess is what non-ACE cars have ... so it's probably fine that it broke.
Literally ANY bolt on either of my Rovers I'm going to take off underhood or underneath, I spray with something designed to help you get stubborn bolts out the day prior if I can. It's a good practice.